21 years is it now so ago, when thousands of people gathered on Tiananmen Square. 21 years ago, when the People's Liberation Army and demonstrators fired at passers-rattling and reinforced through countless bodies. 21 years ago, as probably one of the most impressive photos of the 20 Century - The Tank Man - was shot in which an unarmed passer staying an entire armored column. And likewise 21 years ago, when Chinese evening news of this event with the words "Anyone with a little Vernunft kann erkennen, dass dieser einzelne Schurke nie unsere Panzer am Vormarsch hätte hindern können. Dieses Dokument fliegt in das Gesicht westlicher Propaganda. Es beweist, dass unsere Soldaten durch gute Ausbildung ein höchstes Maß an Disziplin besitzen.“ kommentierten.
Heute sieht die Welt freilich anders aus, Tabu Thema ist das Tiananmenmassaker von 1989 jedoch immer noch - das beweist schon allein die in China übliche Namensgebung Tiananmen-Zwischenfall. Für die Partei war es nicht nur eine der gefährlichsten Macht- und Stabilitätsbedrohungen, sondern viel mehr: der bis dato letzte klassen- und soziale Schichten übergreifende Massenprotest gegen die Regierung. Denn entgegen vieler Behauptungen war die Tiananmen-Bewegung weder eine reine Demokratiebewegung noch eine reine Studentenbewegung. Zwar war der Protest durch Studenten und Intelektuelle mit Demokratieambitionen initiiert worden, richtig in Fahrt (v.a. zahlenmäßig) kam die Bewegung letztlich aber erst durch den Anschluss unzähliger Arbeiter, welche sich trotz der Reform- und Öffnungspolitik von 1978 nach wie vor benachteiligt fühlten. Somit war die Tiananmen-Bewegung vielmehr als eine Demokratiebewegung, sie glich mehr einem Aufschrei der Bevölkerung, welche jahrelang Ungerechtigkeiten ertragen musste und Ungereimtheiten im System ausmerzen wollte.
Such mass uprisings in Chinese history but not the exception, on the contrary, has always applied at the time of the Empire, the principle of the heavenly mandate. As an ambassador of Heaven, the Emperor acts as a mediator between heaven and earth, that is the people. If the emperor performs its functions well and provides well for his people, he is rewarded with loyalty and faithfulness on the part of the people. Should he prove to be incompetent, however, the people have always entitled him to withdraw his heavenly mandate, that is to overthrow him and to choose a new leader. Thus, each dynasty ends with a revolt by the people. This in imperial China as a fundamental right force system applied to modern times of China no longer true, in the Tiananmen movement, along with their immense momentum is also reflected many aspects of the heavenly mandate 'principle, which then in turn agreed to some party officials nervous. Added to this was the fact that the movement of another state reform in the sense of - albeit gradual - democratization demanded, which in turn in the case of a success instability and thus a degree of vulnerability of the party in power, (possibility of deselecting a government) had the effect would . It was therefore in the eyes of the party is a long-term power threat that had to be prevented.
In this sense, the way to the protest movement handled by the party a mere show trial, both in the phases during and after the movement, in which there were numerous executions and convictions for "subversion of state power". The message "The party is the sole master of the house, and no one can or should change anything" should be unmisverständlich to the entire nation. The years following the Tiananmenmassaker were characterized by dead silence on the events of that sultry June night, anno 1989, the few who dared to speak out but were prosecuted, convicted and executed often. An era of fear, could not lose in the history books or teachers, a word about those events, was begun. Even today there are many children of the 90s and 80s generation later, the slogan which says nothing Tiananmen movement. Like the failed ideology of Mao's policies in the 60s, the Tiananmen massacre, one of the largest - if not the largest - taboo subjects of modern China.
That took his time so many (countless young people especially) to the streets to campaign for a better life or a more just country, now seems almost utopian. The youth of today can be roughly divided into three groups are: most of the apolitical, the group of standing at attention on the party line and end, a very critical thinker. But after first things first.
have the most easily malleable group society young people in the eyes of a special party - their hearts and thus their loyalty to be conquered. The basic prerequisites for this were it not ever so bad: it is to much of a spoiled only child in a modern, peaceful and prosperous world - born - as they are their own grandparents could not even dream imagined. That in such a "dream world" lives, in the end pure merit is the party that is at the top of society and how the hand of God stretched protectively over the people and benevolent cares for all. That as a naive young people jumps up to such a fast times Propagandazug is not so outlandish. Who speaks but with the kind of young people about political controversial issues such as the Taiwan issue will soon realize that, while always beautiful under party line from the one-China policy is discussed, specific arguments remain young "party soldiers" one but then most guilty. For why Chinese need a special visa and join a special tour group must if they just want to go in the state-owned Taiwan Province, so far I could tell, no one seriously.
On the other hand, there are numerically insignificant critical-thinking people. Although this group can be a lot or some in the party as a non-worthy of support, but is not sufficient enough networked with each other or they lack the courage to their displeasure in the form of demonstrations, etc. to carry to the public. Should there be, for this group by people from wealthier segments of the population, one is made with money artificially calm, following the motto: there are injustices in our country, but as long as I'm doing good, will I not complain. A satisfaction just bought.
And finally there's the non-political group of which either are not really interested in politics or not for fear of the "wrong" opinion, at least their true political leanings reveal. Like any regime is also the party any critical thinking always been a thorn in the eye, for critical thinking on the part of the population means possible criticism and thus endangering the government. This was evident already in the Cultural Revolution, the countless victims were mainly intellectuals and sat down in 1989 with the scholars and students initiated Tiananmenprotesten away. Tiananmen had die Partei seiner Zeit beinahe in eine Staatskrise im Sinne von Existenzbedrohung geführt, umso wichtiger galt es ab nun sämtliche ähnliche Proteste bereits im Keim zu ersticken um offiziell die Stabilität des Staates und inoffiziell die Alleinherrschaft der Partei gewährleisten zu können.
Kritisches Denken sollte von Anfang an speziell bei Jugendlichen unterbunden werden – mit Erfolg. Denn neben einer gewissen Propagandapolitik spielt in dieser Problematik auch das genau auf solche Bedürfnisse zugeschnittene Bildungssystem eine wichtige Rolle. Hierbei muss man sich nicht einmal an Beispielen der eigenen Geschichtsreflexion bedienen, es genügt bereits ein simpler Blick in den typischen Tagesablauf a Durchschnitsschülers a middle school. The subjects are similar as in our diverse, and range from classics such as mathematics, geography and even the way to political education. The type of teaching is different then again striking to those teaching methods of the West: dry chalk and talk is on the agenda, even in foreign language subjects such as English, in which active learning would be particularly important to always reads only text or listening Comprehenions whose questions we hear then in a multiple choice test (!) must answer. And now, without falling into an education debate on the best teaching methods do you have to admit it, that constitute active learning such as group work, discussions, and presentations not only a good preparation for employment or university life, but especially encourage critical thinking! All those forms of teaching are not used in Chinese schools. While in the west, the proverb "In school you learn for life" is, you get in China more like that one only for tests to learn - and even say the bulk of the students themselves, because at home exercises are similar to further: Instead of building with the newly learned grammar of your own sets, you cross a choice of five responses on a prepared multiple test as an English homework at. Finally, the students still missing in youth is so important in shaping the individual leisure. For an average sitting of 8 clock clock in the morning to 7 in the evening in the school, plus writing tasks late into the night. The deep has always been spent in the Chinese society rooted idea that you learn more in terms of better the longer you at school or with homework, reinforced this fact. On the few holidays a year, is also awarded extra Hausüung or tests specifically stated on the first day of school after the holidays, so that there is certainly no time for yourself again. How should such a life even close to a halfway critically thinking person to train?
After years of rote learning and multiple-choice test completion we then finally the last major hurdle - the Gaokao (equivalent to a College Entry Exam) - in front of him. This nationally standardized test to decide who is allowed to continue studying which university - the better the result the better the university. Or you can just fall through completely and it is because without higher education. Paradoxically, but then just at the university is required, which was promoted in schools for many years before: Critical thinking! Thus missing the typical average first-year students complete maturity and experience to study - her body is grown up, their spirit and psyche, however, still in puberty never really lived.
But it goes even further: to try to deal with no digs, but who ever chines with an average 18-19 year olds. Students have spoken or seen him just will not escape the impression that it has here with a child or an adolescent at best, to do. Just because you make during the school term for things like the first girlfriend, social networks and contacts or personal interest development simply had no time! Since there are sometimes slightly before that you can not because of existing Social competence has no friends and the whole day alone in the Internet bar with online spends PC games. Or that one time unintentionally impregnates his girlfriend, because you simply do not know anything about proper prevention. That one of those people who are already busy with the sebst enough, even a stable political opinion expected, is more than absurd. However, just those individuals are the political heirs of Tiananmen. And the fact that their previous generation in 1989, was exactly the same age, reinforced this paradox even more.
On behalf of the party it was so successful, by having made a whole generation of quasi-silence - and the few open their mouths, anyway parrot the propaganda policy. Our own government is thus guaranteed again for some time, put the population still. Chapeau!
It is business as planned, but so far every dynasty was ended by a popular uprising. And even if it is currently still approaching, the time will come when the people and the party will withdraw the heavenly mandate. Some history is just (un) predictable.
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